未来新一代轰炸机隐身特性需求分析

远程战略轰炸机的自身隐身性能提升和隐身航迹策略规划越来越受到重视。通过对比分析美俄下一 代隐身轰炸机的隐身性能和所面对的威胁,指出了未来新一代隐身轰炸机更高的隐身性能需求—全频谱、全 方位隐身技术,例如雷达隐身、红外隐身以及射频综合隐身等;并归纳了未来高隐身战略轰炸机的主要突防措 施,例如更先进的隐身技术、体系支持、高空突防、加装自卫武器等措施。     

化学非平衡流动解耦算法的回顾与新进展

超声速化学非平衡流动的数值模拟一直是计算流体力学领域的难点,主要体现在如下几个方面：物理过程非常复杂,存在着激波、燃烧波等各种复杂波系的相互作用;超声速化学非平衡流动属于典型的时空多尺度物理问题,其控制方程存在严重的刚性,给数值求解带来了很大困难。对国内外的解耦算法研究现状简单综述后,主要介绍1993年刘君提出的解耦算法的理论基础,流动方程采用冻结流模型,源项方程模拟流体微团在当地绝热、定容的热力学系统内发生的化学反应过程。通过引入两个中间变量,即等效内能和等效比热比,将与温度无关的生成焓从流动方程组能量项中分离出去,源项方程组中包含等效内能,使用不同算子对流动方程和源项方程解耦求解。与传统解耦算法相比,源项方程的求解过程中包含状态参数和组元同时变化。结合刘君解耦算法机理和有限体积法空间平均特性,介绍近期在提高算法计算效率方面的研究进展,包括流动方程优化算法和耦合过程优化。采用优化算法对经典的激波诱导燃烧算例进行数值模拟,与不同文献结果进行对比,验证了优化算法的时空精度。通过总结经验发现化学非平衡反应仅发生在流场局部区域,提出质量生成率判据,结合相应模拟结果验证了方法的可行性,可以进一步提高化学反应算子的计算效率。     

局部催化特性差异对气动热环境影响的计算分析

高温气体非平衡效应及其壁面催化效应对高超声速飞行器气动热环境造成显著影响,是当前高超声速飞行器气动热环境预测和热防护设计的关键问题之一。考虑高温空气离解与电离等化学反应、气体分子热力学激发、流动中的非平衡效应和壁面催化效应,通过数值求解三维热化学非平衡Navier-Stokes方程和壁面处质量、能量平衡关系,完善了高温气体热化学非平衡流场有限催化气动热环境数值计算方法和计算程序,采用典型算例进行了考核验证。在此基础上,开展了不同条件下高超声速飞行器热化学非平衡流场气动热环境数值模拟,分析局部催化特性差异对气动热环境的影响。研究表明：所建立的高超声速飞行器热化学非平衡流场有限催化气动热环境数值计算方法及程序,其数值模拟结果与飞行试验、文献符合;局部催化特性差异会导致热流跳变,其热流跳变量与催化特性差异量、材料分布方式等有关;催化特性差异较大时,局部区域热流可能远远高于飞行器全表面完全催化的热流结果,此时将飞行器在全表面完全催化（FCW）和完全非催化（NCW）条件下的数值模拟结果作为实际飞行过程中表面热流的上、下限这一简化处理方式,是不可取的。     

Influence of fuel injection position and equivalent mixture ratio on chemical non-equilibrium effects of single expansion ramp nozzle

Chemical non-equilibrium flow was investigated for the scramjet single expansion ramp nozzle(SERN) with a strut-based liquid-kerosene-fueled combustor.Two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations were solved with the species conservation equation for continuous phase and the renormalization group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model.Lagrangian discrete-phase model was analyzed for liquid-kerosene droplets behavior in the supersonic stream.Combustion was simulated by kerosene surrogate fuel's 10-species and 13-step reduced reaction kinetics mechanism with use of Arrhenius's laminar finite rate model.Parametric studies were carried out to estimate the influence of different fuel injection positions and equivalent mixture ratios on the SERN chemical non-equilibrium effects.Numerical calculation results show that the strut-based combustor enables convenient modeling of various SERN entry conditions,which is similar with many preceding investigations,by changing the injector strut position and controlling the mass flow rate of each injector.Chemical non-equilibrium effects function in the whole SERN,especially in the initial flow expansion region,leads to obviously higher SERN performance of the non-equilibrium flow than that of the frozen flow.Furthermore,the distributed fuel injection pattern plays a significant role in enhancing the combustion efficiency in combustor,but weakening the chemical non-equilibrium effects funciton in SERN.Additionally,while the equivalent mixture ratio increases,the SERN thrust coefficient and lift coefficient rise gradually,and the increment of non-equilibrium flow in relation to frozen flow becomes higher as well.To be specific,the equivalent mixture ratio is 0.6,the maximum increment of thrust coefficient and lift coefficient are 11.6% and 25% respectively.      

面向非合作目标抓捕的机械臂轨迹规划方法

文章针对非合作目标抓捕问题设计了基于误差反馈系数的机械臂轨迹规划算法.考虑到空间机械臂在轨服务要求,采用反作用零空间方法来规划机械臂运动轨迹以实现机械臂与航天器之间的协调运动.为避免在规划起始阶段位姿误差较大可能导致机械臂关节速度过大的问题,引入了位姿误差反馈系数.为对空间机械臂抓捕非合作目标的轨迹规划技术进行验证,搭建了地面半物理仿真系统.试验结果表明,通过合理选择位姿误差反馈系数,设计的轨迹规划算法能够使固定基座机械臂末端执行器以较为均匀的速度逼近非合作目标,并能以较高精度实现对非合作目标的抓捕.该试验可以为空间机械臂抓捕非合作目标的轨迹规划提供参考.     

飞行器新型碳基复合材料表面高温测量方法

本文针对飞行器新型碳基复合材料表面的高温测量问题,介绍了测量方法、传感器的安装方式、高温胶黏剂技术与工艺,传感器与热防护技术以及试验测试,并归纳了该方法的技术特点。     

Controlling factors of Region 2 field-aligned current and its relationship to the ring current: Model results

One essential component of magnetosphere and ionosphere coupling is the closure of the ring current through Region 2 field-aligned current (FAC). Using the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM), which includes magnetosphere and ionosphere coupling by solving the kinetic equation of ring current particles and the closure of the electric currents between the two regions, we have investigated the effects of high latitude potential, ionospheric conductivity, plasma sheet density and different magnetic field models on the development of Region 2 field-aligned currents, and the relationship between R2 FACs and the ring current. It is shown that an increase in high latitude potential, ionospheric conductivity or plasma sheet density generally results in an increase in Region 2 FACs’ intensity, but R2 FACs display different local time and latitudinal distributions for changes in each parameter due to the different mechanisms involved. Our simulation results show that the magnetic field configuration of the inner magnetosphere is also an important factor in the development of Region 2 field-aligned current. More numerical experiments and observational results are needed in further our understanding of the complex relationship of the two current systems.     

Cutting the bread

Why the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) will not work - whereas the Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities may.     

试析马克思理论体系的两个思想资源

除了常说的三大理论来源以外,马克思的理论体系的形成还有很多丰富的思想资源,其中,基督教和《圣经》传统、古希腊神话和西方文学作品对马克思科学世界观、人生观、价值观的形成产生了深刻影响,马克思对他们采取了批判的借鉴的态度,从中汲取了丰富的营养,成为马克思理论体系重要的思想资源。     

驻点壁面催化速率常数确定的研究

以平衡流动作为热环境估算的依据，提出了用数值求解非平衡Navier-Stokes方程和实验测量热流值确定模型表面材料催化速率常数的方法。用5组分17个化学反应Durm-Kang空气化学模型和轴对称热化学非平衡Navier-Stokes方程，对激波管中球头和平头圆柱模型绕流流场进行了数值模拟，给出了驻点热流随催化速率常数变化的分布，并根据激波管实验测量的热流值确定了表面材料Pt、SiO2、Ni和某种飞船材料的催化速率常数，建立了数值分析高焓流动边界层催化特性的软件。